CooeeArt Since 1981

Artworks BY Jack Dale Mengenen
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Artist Profile

Jack Dale lived in the remote and rugged Kimberley region of northwest Australia since childhood. His life spanned from the turbulent and often bloody years of early white settlement through to a life working cattle and traveling the northwest as he accumulated knowledge and the ancient stories of the land and its creation spirits.

The son of a hard-living Scottish man and an Indigenous woman of the Ngarinyin people, he spent his earliest years wandering the bush tracks further and further from his home. His cruel and often violent father shot him in the leg and tied him to a tree to stop him ‘running away’ while still a youth (Dale 2006). His father died however, when Jack was still young, and to his good fortune, Jack was taken under the wing of his Aboriginal grandfather who taught him Narrungunni law and protected him from the prevailing social attitude toward mixed blood children. During this time, Jack walked many hundreds of miles with his grandfather, learning about country and the ancestral spirits that created it. They often had to hide from police patrols that would forcibly take Aboriginal children to be housed in institutions. Sometimes, from hiding places, they watched chain gangs of Aboriginal men being marched away by white men on horseback and later saw the arrival of the Afghan camel drivers. When he began painting in his late 70’s at his home in Derby, these and other historical incidents that he witnessed first hand during his youth became some of the important subjects he explored in his art.

Melbourne natural history photographer, artist and entrepreneur, Neil McLeod visited Jack Dale during the late 1980’s at the suggestion of David Mowaljarlai and anthropologist Kevin Shaw. Ten years later, in 1997, re-introduced by Shaw, McLeod asked Dale if he would consider painting. The old man, by now in his 70’s, was excited that someone had come to him at last to record his knowledge and traditions. McLeod supplied the materials and encouraged Dale to begin painting. As one of the last of the dwindling generation of old men who possess complete knowledge of the rituals, law and culture of his people, Jack Dale had become a vital link to the past.

A custodian of ancient stories about the land and its creation, his most compelling and mysterious works focus on the Wandjina and other important spirit beings that created the land and instituted the laws that govern human behaviour. Wandjinas are powerful fertility spirits responsible for the life-giving monsoon rains. Jack believes that the ‘big boss’ Wandjina can rally his attendants when conflict occurs between humans. These spirits are depicted in a distinctive style; ghost like, with haloes, large dark pool-like eyes and with no mouth for, according to Dale, giving them a mouth would mean the heavens would open and the rain would never cease. “Whites have the bible. We have our Wandjinas. We have to go to these places else we are empty,” said Dale. These Wandjina sites, located throughout the Kimberley, are over 60,000 years old and are painted on rock overhangs, often marked by striking geological features like the Djalala or ‘marking stones’ that indicate their presence.

Despite his age, Jack Dale worked with an indefatigable energy, documenting important beliefs and events of his life. He was often assisted by family members including his wife, artist Biddy Dale. At the end of his life he worked by drafting out the major story elements on to his canvases, which can at times be up to two metres or more in size. As he did this, he related the story while instructing and overseeing his wife and daughter Edna Dale as they completed the dotted outlines and decorative infill.

The dramatic Kimberley country with its harsh stony areas, steeply rising ranges and deep gorges created by fast-flowing, wet season rivers are the focus of Jack’s more abstract works. In map-like paintings that trace the contours of the desert landscape, Jack used broad areas of strong colour to create a feeling of tangible substance within his mythic vision of the land. His depictions of spirit beings and historical episodes are rendered in a figurative style while his striking depictions of the Kimberley landscape and features such as the rocky outcrops that guard the homes of the Wandjina are painted from an omnipotent perspective, thereby resonating with the spare minimal works of Rover Thomas and others who painted in the East Kimberley. However, in a stylistic departure that identifies his work, Dale portrayed these as spare geometric forms by employing red black and white pigments, with occasional surprising additions like gold powder, in preference to the earthy tones of his East Kimberley contemporaries. In doing so, he inadvertently achieved remarkably modernist effects and imagery that resonate with those seen on Delaunay's fabrics.

Jack Dale’s paintings, with their correlating landscape markers of hills, waterholes and traditional journey lines, were used in a land claim that returned the Imintji country to its traditional owners. For health reasons Dale spent the last years of his life in the closest town, Derby. Sometimes called the ‘Grand Old Man of the Kimberley', Jack was a highly respected tribal elder, both for his custodianship of Ceremonial Law and for his skill as a bushman. He came to painting late in life, after many hard-working years as a stockman. Even then, he was revered for his extensive knowledge and admired for his physical strength and determined attitude. This, he re-lived and communicated in his painting, sharing with an international audience, a powerful experience of the inimitable Kimberley genius, so precariously balanced at the crossroads of change.